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At 1:21 AM -0700 5/17/00, tradergirl wrote:
>Want to be able to have more than one contract (current month) on
>screen, so I can see what the contracts did the prior one or two.
>
>Ie. have March Yen flow seamlessly into June Yen (on screen)
>
>Any ideas?
At 10:38 PM -0700 5/16/00, Neal Hughes wrote:
>This is called "continuous contracts". It can be a complex topic..
>do a web search, should find something about it..
I recently updated a paper I had written on this topic so thought it
might be of interest. It is probably "more than you ever wanted to
know about back-adjusting futures contracts" but it should answer any
questions. As Neil said, it is a pretty complex topic.
Bob Fulks
-------------------
Back-Adjusting Futures Contracts
Bob Fulks
May 11, 2000
Introduction
To backtest a trading system for trading futures contracts, we would
like to have a long duration of price data on which to test our
trading system. The problem is that futures contracts expire
periodically and the data for each contract lasts only a few weeks or
months. So we need some way to create a long series of price data
from a sequence of contract prices. This paper discusses the various
ways it can be done and explores the advantages and disadvantages of
each method. My experience is with only the S&P futures contract so I
will use it as an example although the same principles apply to any
future contract.
The Problem
The issue arises because the pricing of a futures contract is
slightly different than the price of the underlying commodity since
it includes other factors. This difference is called the "premium".
For the S&P Futures this difference includes the cost of interest and
the dividends of the S&P stocks.
The theoretical value is called the "fair value". It is the price at
which investing in the underlying commodity has the same return as
investing in the futures contract. For agricultural futures, the
difference can include such things as storage costs, etc. For the S&P
futures it is calculated as follows:
Futures_Price = Cash_Price * (1 + d * (i - v) / 365)
where:
i = interest rate for fair value calculation = about 5% now
v = dividend rate of the S&P cash index = about 1% now
d = days_to_expiration
At rollover, the days_to_expiration number jumps, causing the jump in
the premium. With today's values, the jump in price is about 1%, or
about 12 points on the S&P futures contract. In the examples that
follow, for simplicity, we will use the 12 points as the size of the
jump at expiration, keeping in mind that the actual number does
depend upon the level of the index, and interest and dividend rates.
The interest rate term arises because with the futures contract, we
are using leverage for which we are not paying interest. Thus, the
cost of the interest gets built into the price of the futures
contract.
The dividend term arises because with futures, we do not get the
dividends that we would have gotten if we had bought all the stocks
in the S&P. (This is approximated as an average but since dividends
occur at different times, an accurate simulation would include the
exact expected dividends and when they were paid.)
The actual price difference between the futures contract and the
underlying can and does deviate from this theoretical value on a
minute-by-minute basis. But the difference is usually very short
lived because arbitrage players step in to buy one and sell the other
and this activity keeps the relative prices closely tracking fair
value. There are often fairly big differences in the reported daily
"closing prices" since the futures markets close at a different time
than the cash market and a lot can happen between the close of the
two markets.
Thus, we have a discontinuity in the price of the futures contract at
the expiration that must be accounted for in some way for backtesting.
Possible Methods
The primary alternatives are:
1. Splice contracts together without price adjustment.
This causes large price jumps at splice points. The price jumps cause
two problems.
> They distort the operation of most trading indicators and automatic
trading systems. For example a 14-day simple moving average would
mix some of the prices from the old contract and the higher prices
from the new contract giving a distorted picture of what is happening.
> They can cause large trading profits and losses to be included in
backtest results that a trader would not have experienced in actual
trading. For example, if our system was long one contract before
the expiration and we sold after expiration, then the system would
include the 12-point artificial jump in price for an apparent
profit of 12 * 250 = $3000. If we didn't notice this, we might
think our trading system was very profitable. Even worse, if we
were optimizing the parameters of our trading system, some of the
parameter values might cause us to hold the position through the
transition and some might not, causing big discontinuities in the
results and causing us to get false optimum parameter values.
As a result of these problems, this method is unsuitable for most
backtesting.
2. Close out trades at "roll over" to the new contract at expiration.
This is what we have to do in real life at the end of a contract. To
do this, we exit the old position and re-enter a new position in the
new contract. But this is trickier than it appears in backtesting
since we would have to make sure that any indicators or averages we
are using do not simultaneously look at some old and some new price
values.
Some people prevent this by using "bridge data". For example, if your
trading system uses 14 days of past data as part of its calculations,
you would need to artificially create 14 days of bridge data from the
old contract, increased in price by the 12 points, to get the trading
system initialized at the new contract values. This can be difficult
to do if we are trying to test over a long price series including
several contracts.
3. Splice contracts together with forward price adjustment at
contract boundaries.
Subtracting the 12-point difference from each new futures price
before we use it does this. On the following contract, the offset
would be 24 points, etc. This method eliminates the need to
manipulate old price data but causes the futures contract prices to
keep diverging further and further from actual prices as time goes on.
4. Splice contracts together with backward price adjustment at
contract boundaries.
This is the method most often employed. Adjusting the price of the
old contracts by adding the offset (12 points in our example)
accomplishes this. With this method the most recent continuous
futures contract prices are same as the current contract prices, but
previous contract prices are offset. Backward adjustment is much more
difficult to do, because all past prices have to be recalculated at
each new contract boundary.
Some people add the difference to past contracts and some multiply
all old data by a factor, 1.01 in our example. Adding the offset is
most common since it keeps the old price values lined up with the
tick values. For example, if a contract moved in 1/32-point
increments, we would like the increments to remain on 1/32 boundaries
far back in time. Using the multiplying factor would slowly cause
them to deviate.
Either of the method 3 or 4 above gives us a series of prices with no
discontinuities. They maintain the bar-to-bar increments as they were
in the original contracts. Since most trading systems use the
bar-to-bar differences these methods will not distort the trades. You
can test if your trading system is sensitive to the absolute level of
prices by adding some constant, such as 100 points, to all prices. If
the trades and profits remain the same, your system is independent of
the absolute level of prices and will not be affected by the back
adjustment process.
On some commodities, the back adjustment is negative and this can
make the price go negative over time. This is easy to handle by
simply adding a constant value to all prices when backtesting to
assure that all prices remain positive.
5. Continuously adjust the price series over time ("Perpetual")
This approach adds some of the prices from the current contract with
some from the next contract. The continuous futures contract value
initially would be composed of a large percentage of the current
contract and a small percentage of the next contract. As a contract
expiration date becomes closer, a progressively smaller percentage of
the current contract and larger percentage of the new contract is
used. This results in a smooth blend from one contract price level to
the next.
The calculations are shown below:
Assume we are merging the prices of the 9/98 and the 12/98 contracts.
Assume the following can represent the price in each contract:
P1 = C + F * d1 + s1
P2 = C + F * d2 + s2
where:
P1 is the price of the 9/98 contract on any bar
P2 is the price of the 12/98 contract on any bar
d1 = days to expiration on the 9/98 contract
d2 = days to expiration on the 12/98 contract
s1 = a residual value indicating how the actual price differs
from "fair value" on the 9/98 contract
s2 = a residual value indicating how the actual price differs
from "fair value" on the 12/98 contract
F is the "Fair Value Factor" defined as follows:
F = C * (i - v) / 365 (about 13% then)
C = the value of the S&P cash index = about 1186 then
i = interest rate for fair value calculation = about 5% then
v = dividend rate of the S&P cash index = about 1% then
By manipulating the algebra, you can show that the merged contract
price, Px, equals:
Px = (91 * F) + (s1 * d1 / 91) + (s2 * (1 - d1 /91))
This consists of three terms:
> (91 * F) = (91 * 0.13) = about 12 then. This is the premium
at the start of each contract due to the fair value calculation.
> (s1 * d1 / 91) = the residual value of the 9/98 contract weighted
by the days remaining on the 9/98 contract.
> (s2 * (1 - d1 /91)) = the residual value of the 12/98 contract
inversely weighted by the days remaining on the 9/98 contract.
So there is a fairly constant offset due to the fair value rates,
plus the weighted average of the residual price values of the two
contracts. It will be about 1% higher that the S&P cash index at all
times with no discontinuities and noisier because the volatility of
the futures contract is greater than that of the cash index. The
residual value of the combined price series will have volatility less
than either of its two components since uncorrelated random
variations will partially cancel.
The characteristics of the resulting adjusted price will be quite
different than the price of either contract. The prices will not fall
on multiples of the minimum price movement such as 1/32 in the case
of bonds. We could round to those increments but this would introduce
a new source of noise. The volatility of the resulting price will be
less than the real contracts, particularly near expirations. Finally
the price will always be about 1% higher than the S&P cash index.
This is unlike the futures price, which decreases at about a 4% per
year rate over time. All of these factors can affect the performance
of a trading system and could make the results of backtesting differ
from trading a single contract.
For a long-term system, one that stayed in the market for many
months, using such data would be very convenient since it would
eliminate the need to ever worry about expirations in backtesting.
For a medium-term system, say one that stayed in the market for many
days to weeks, such distortions would be insignificant.
For short-term trading, say under a few days, they become important.
For a day-trading system they could be serious sources of error.
Systems that trade on the volatility of the price data will not work
as well on such data since the volatility of the merged data is less
than that of either contract.
6. Use continuous adjustment for both backtesting and trading
Actually, trading a mix of the two contracts can eliminate the
distortions mentioned above. This is only practical if you are
trading perhaps over 20 contracts so that you can adjust the number
of each in the proper proportions over time. It also adds a level of
complexity to the trading system.
Special Cases
The processes described above are suitable for most cases. But there
are special cases that cannot be covered by any general technique.
For example:
> "Beginning with the March 2000 contract, the notional coupons of
the CBOT® Treasury bond, 10-year, 5-year, and 2-year Treasury
note futures contracts will change from 8% to 6%." Thus, all
past data on the 8% contracts will not be suitable for
backtesting the 8% contract.
> "The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) announced that it has
increased the size of the random length lumber futures contract
beginning with the January 2000 contract expiration. The
contract is currently sized at 80,000 board feet and will
increase to 110,000 board feet due to the size and capacity
of railcars used to ship lumber." Thus, the prices for the
old contract will not be applicable to the new contract.
There is no general way to handle such special cases. Frequently,
guidance for how to make adjustments is available directly from the
web sites of the exchanges where these commodities are traded.
Summary
There is no "best" method in an absolute sense. All the methods have
advantages and disadvantages. The best method in particular cases
depends on the type of market analysis being done or the type of
trading strategy being used.
For instance, trading systems that compare current prices to distant
past prices probably will back-test more realistically with Method 5,
because there is less long-term price distortion. However, Method 5
tends to produce very unrealistic results with trading strategies
that depend upon price waveshape measurement, because there will be
significant medium and short-term waveshape distortion. Neural
networks, exotic waveshape filters, wavelet methods, Fourier methods,
and many other advanced methods do not back test realistically with
that method. Method 3 or 4 will be much better to use in those cases.
Method 4, using backward price adjustment is the most popular.
My Conclusions
I use Method 4 - back adjusted - because my objective is to simulate
the behavior of my trading system on actual contract data as
accurately as possible. My trading systems use the bar-to-bar price
differences so are unaffected by adding a constant to all prices.
Since method 4 (and method 3) maintains the exact bar-to-bar price
changes of each original contract, this is what I prefer.
Needless to say, other people might consider other factors more
important. I have no interest in having my systems perform more
poorly on backtesting that they would have on actual contracts.
(Maybe you could call it some sort of "stress testing".)
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