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Now we may have in AFL, through StrToNum( string ) the functionality
of Value(text) of MSEXCEL.
Dimitris Tsokakis
> --- In amibroker@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, "Tomasz Janeczko"
<amibroker@xxxx>
> wrote:
> >
> > Hello,
> >
> > A new beta version (4.46.0) of AmiBroker has just been released.
> > Includes enhancements allowing to auto-adjust data from Yahoo.
> >
> > It is available for registered users only from the members area
at:
> > http://www.amibroker.com/members/bin/ab4460beta.exe
> > and
> > http://www.amibroker.net/members/bin/ab4460beta.exe
> >
> > (File size: 515 680 bytes, 515 KB)
> >
> > If you forgot your user name / password to the members area
> > you can use automatic reminder service at:
> http://www.amibroker.com/login.html
> >
> > The highlight of this new version is multiple time frame support
in
> AFL.
> >
> > The instructions are available below and in the "ReadMe" file
> > ( Help->Read Me menu from AmiBroker )
> >
> > CHANGES FOR VERSION 4.46.0 (as compared to 4.45.0)
> >
> > a.. New AFL functions
> >
> > a.. added NumToStr as synonum of WriteVal (as this function
did
> not 'write' anything, just returned string)
> > b.. added StrToNum( string ) - converts string to numbe
> > c.. added StrFind( string, substring ) - finds first
occurrence
> of substring in string. returns 0 if not found, otherwise returns
> character index (one-based) of first occurrence
> > d.. added StrFormat( formatstr, ... ) that performs sprintf-
> like formatting and returns string
> > e.. CategoryGetName( category, number) function - returns
name
> of category (market/group/sector/industry/watchlist)
> > f.. CategoryGetSymbols( category, number ) added - synonym to
> GetCategorySymbols
> >
> > g.. CategoryAddSymbol( symbol, category, number ); - adds the
> symbol to given category, note that for markets, groups,
> industries 'adding' means moving from one category to another,
since
> the symbol is assigned always to one and only one market, group,
> industry and sector. This limitation does not apply to watchlists,
> favorites, and index categories. When symbol string is empty ("")
> then current symbol is used.
> > h.. CategoryRemoveSymbol( symbol, category, number ); -
removes
> the symbol to given category, note that for markets, groups,
> industries 'removing' means moving from given category to category
> with number zero, since the symbol is assigned always to one and
only
> one market, group, industry and sector. This limitation does not
> apply to watchlists, favorites, and index categories. When symbol
> string is empty ("") then current symbol is used.
> >
> > b.. added new AFL functions for output/file handling (almost
> exactly like in C run-time):
> > a.. printf( formatstr, ... ) - output formatted text to the
> commentary/interpretation (note 1: for numbers always use %f, %e or
%
> g formatting, %d or %x will not work because there are no integers
in
> AFL, note 2: as of now only numbers and arrays can now be printed.
> For arrays 'selected value' is printed)
> > b.. fopen( filename, mode ) - opens file, returns
filehandle .
> Mode can be "r" - for reading, "w" for writing, "a" for appending
> (and all other regular C-runtime library modes)
> > c.. fclose( filehandle ); - closes file
> > d.. fputs( string, filehandle ) - puts (writes) string to
file
> > e.. fgets( filehandle ) - gets (reads) string from file
> (returns string)
> > f.. feof( filehandle ) - detects end-of-file marker ( gives
> True - if end of file reached )
> > c.. PositionScore table is now shifted according to buy trade
> delay in regular mode too. (it was shifted so in rotational mode
> already). Caveat: make sure to set long and short delays to the
same
> values if you are trading both long and short sides, otherwise only
> long trades get correct ranks. Note 2: PositionSize is not and was
> never shifted with trade delays
> > to allow code for purchasing N stocks working with any delay,
> example PositionSize = 5 * BuyPrice
> > a.. added new option to File->Database Settings->Intraday
> settings "Use local time for daily compression".
> > All previous versions used exchange or data vendor time to do
> build daily bars (this means that regardless of your time shift
> settings daily bars looked the same because they used exchange or
> data source time (for example if you are using QuoteTracker it was
US
> EST time) - this caused problems for Australian users using
> QuoteTracker as data source because QuoteTracker reported ASX
quotes
> with US time that lead to invalid daily bars. Now if you check "Use
> local time for daily compression" AmiBroker will use your local
time
> (according to 'time shift' setting) to build daily bars. Note that
> switching this on means that daily bars may look different when you
> change time zone (i.e. time shift setting)
> >
> > b.. ASCII importer: support for importing unadjusted Yahoo data
> performing adjustment on the fly:
> >
> > a.. new field ADJCLOSE - to read adj. close column from
Yahoo.
> Works _only_ in conjunction with CLOSE field. When both CLOSE and
> ADJCLOSE are present in the ASCII format definition then importer
> calculates split factor by dividing ADJCLOSE/CLOSE. It then
multiples
> OPEN, HIGH, LOW and CLOSE fields by this factor and divides VOLUME
> field by this factor. This effectively converts unadjusted prices
to
> split adjusted prices. Split ratio gets locked once ADJCLOSE drops
> below 0.05.
> >
> > b.. new command $ROUNDADJ decimaldigits - causes split-
adjusted
> prices (see above) to be rounded to 'decimaldigits' precision. By
> default no rounding is done.
> >
> > c.. new command $RECALCSPLITS 1 - (off by default) causes
that
> splits are recalculated by AmiBroker
> > by the algorithm that tries to construct correct adjusted
> price, based on inaccurate information provided by Yahoo.
> > Note that Yahoo provides only 2 decimal digits in adj. close
> field therefore the more adj. close approaches zero due to
> adjustements the error grows. The option $RECALCSPLITS 1 is
intended
> to address this problem (at least partially).
> > It works as follows:
> > 1. for each bar ratio ADJCLOSE/CLOSE is calculated
> > 2. if the ratio changes in two consecutive bars by more than
> 10% it means that
> > split happened that bar. True split ratio is guessed by
> matching true fraction
> > in the format of X/Y, where X and Y = 1..9, to the change in
> ratios.
> > 3. Then true split ratio is used to adjust all past bars
until
> new split is detected.
> >
> > d.. new command $RAWCLOSE2OI 1 - (off by default) - causes
that
> OpenInterest field gets assigned CLOSE (raw close) field value
> multiplied by 100
> >
> > c.. new aqh.format file included in "formats" subfolder using
new
> ASCII importer commands to import and adjust prices from Yahoo.
> Compatible with existing AmiQuote versions.
> >
> > Best regards,
> > Tomasz Janeczko
> > Hope this helps.
> >
> > AmiBroker 4.46.0 Beta Read Me
> > October 22, 2003 19:05
> >
> > THIS IS A BETA VERSION OF THE SOFTWARE. EXPECT BUGS !!!
> >
> > Backup your data files and entire AmiBroker folder first!
> >
> > INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
> >
> > IMPORTANT: This archive is update-only. You have to install full
> version 4.40 first.
> >
> > Just run the installer and follow the instructions.
> >
> > Then run AmiBroker. You should see "AmiBroker 4.46.0 beta"
written
> in the About box.
> >
> > See CHANGE LOG below for detailed list of changes.
> >
> > HELP ON NEW FEATURES
> > New backtest report
> > New report is hugely enhanced compared to old one. It includes
> separate statistics for all, long and short sides as well as large
> number of new metrics. You can get short help on given figure by
> hovering your mouse over given field name. You will see the
> description in the tooltip. Short explanations are provided also
> below:
> >
> > Exposure % - modified since last release -'Market exposure of the
> trading system calculated on bar by bar basis. Sum of bar exposures
> divided by number of bars. Single bar exposure is the value of open
> positions divided by portfolio equity.
> >
> > Net Risk Adjusted Return % - Net profit % divided by Exposure %
> >
> > Annual Return % - Compounded Annual Return % (CAR)
> >
> > Risk Adjusted Return % - Annual return % divided by Exposure %
> >
> > Avg. Profit/Loss - (Profit of winners + Loss of losers)/(number
of
> trades)
> >
> > Avg. Profit/Loss % - '(% Profit of winners + % Loss of losers)/
> (number of trades)
> >
> > Avg. Bars Held - sum of bars in trades / number of trades
> >
> > Max. trade drawdown - The largest peak to valley decline
> experienced in any single trade
> >
> > Max. trade % drawdown - The largest peak to valley percentage
> decline experienced in any single trade
> >
> > Max. system drawdown - The largest peak to valley decline
> experienced in portfolio equity
> >
> > Max. system % drawdown - The largest peak to valley percentage
> decline experienced in portfolio equity
> >
> > Recovery Factor - Net profit divided by Max. system drawdown
> >
> > CAR/MaxDD - Compound Annual % Return divided by Max. system %
> drawdown
> >
> > RAR/MaxDD - Risk Adjusted Return divided by Max. system %
drawdown
> >
> > Profit Factor - Profit of winners divided by loss of losers
> >
> > Payoff Ratio - Ratio average win / average loss
> >
> > Standard Error - Standard error measures chopiness of equity
line.
> The lower the better.
> >
> > Risk-Reward Ratio - Measure of the relation between the risk
> inherent in a trading the system compared to its potential gain.
> Higher is better. Calculated as slope of equity line (expected
annual
> return) divided by its standard error.
> >
> > Ulcer Index - Square root of sum of squared drawdowns divided by
> number of bars
> >
> > Ulcer Performance Index - (Annual profit - Tresury notes
> profit)/Ulcer Index'>Ulcer Performance Index. Currently tresury
notes
> profit is hardcoded at 5.4. In future version there will be user-
> setting for this.
> >
> > Sharpe Ratio of trades - Measure of risk adjusted return of
> investment. Above 1.0 is good, more than 2.0 is very good. More
> information http://www.stanford.edu/~wfsharpe/art/sr/sr.htm .
> Calculation: first average percentage return and standard deviation
> of returns is calculated. Then these two figures are annualized by
> multipling them by ratio (NumberOfBarsPerYear)/
> (AvgNumberOfBarsPerTrade). Then the risk free rate of return is
> subtracted (currently hard-coded 5) from annualized average return
> and then divided by annualized standard deviation of returns.
> >
> > K-Ratio - Detects inconsistency in returns. Should be 1.0 or
more.
> The higher K ratio is the more consistent return you may expect
from
> the system. Linear regression slope of equity line multiplied by
> square root of sum of squared deviations of bar number divided by
> standard error of equity line multiplied by square root of number
of
> bars. More information: Stocks & Commodities V14:3 (115-118):
> Measuring System Performance by Lars N. Kestner
> >
> > Optimization in new portfolio backtester
> >
> > From version 4.43.0 BETA AmiBroker is able to perform
optimizations
> on portfolio level. The portfolio optimization uses familar
function
> Optimize and allows upto 10 variables to be optimized. You are able
> not only to optimize parameters of indicators but you can also
> optimize portfolio-level settings like maximum number of open
> positions, portfolio level position sizing, etc. These settings are
> available via SetOption() function. New fields accepted by
SetOption
> include: SetOption("MaxOpenPositions"), SetOption("MinShares").
More
> are on the way.
> >
> > Also the portfolio optimizer gives much more statistics than old
> one including metrics like Sharpe ratio, Risk Reward ratio, etc.
> >
> > New portfolio backtester
> > IMPORTANT: Since the new backtester is not yet complete. If you
> think that there is a bug please report it to bugs@xxxx with all
> details you can give including: the formula, HTML report generated
by
> AmiBroker, trade list or detailed log, etc.
> >
> > From version 4.42.0 BETA through some future betas there will be
> TWO backtesters. The OLD one that is triggered by
pressing "Backtest"
> or "Optimize" button in the Automatic Analysis window. And NEW one,
> portfolio-level backtester that is triggered by pressing "Portfolio
> BackTest" or "Portfolio Optimize" button in Automatic Analysis
> window.
> >
> > Old backtester is untouched and it works exactly the same way as
in
> pre-4.42 versions. I have decided to leave it for a while so you
can
> continue using old your own formulas, results, etc while checking
out
> new backtester.
> >
> > New backtester is not complete yet, but already provides
> substantial amount of functionality to make it worthwhile to check
it
> out.
> >
> > New backtester works on PORTFOLIO LEVEL, it means that there is
> single portfolio equity and position sizing refers to portfolio
> equity. Portfolio equity is equal to available cash plus sum of all
> simultaneously open positions at given time.
> >
> > IMPORTANT: to enable more than one symbol to be traded you have
to
> add PositionSize variable to your formula, so less than 100% of
funds
> are invested in single security:
> >
> > PositionSize = -25; // invest 25% of portfolio equity in single
> security
> >
> > or
> >
> > PositionSize = 5000; // invest $5000 into single security
> >
> > You can use new PositionScore variable to decide which trades
> should be entered if there are more entry signals on different
> securities than maximum allowable number of open positions or
> available funds. In such case AmiBroker will use the absolute value
> of PositionScore variable to decide which trades are preferred. See
> the code below. It implements simple MA crossover system, but with
> additional flavour of preferring entering trades on symbols that
have
> low RSI value. If more buy signals occur than available cash/max.
> positions then the stock with lower RSI will be preferred. You can
> watch selection process if you backtest with "Detailed log" report
> mode turned on.
> >
> > The code below includes also the example how to find optimum
number
> of simultaneously open positions using new Optimization in Porfolio
> mode.
> >
> > /*****
> > ** REGULAR PORTFOLIO mode
> > ** This sample optimization
> > ** finds what is optimum number of positions open simultaneously
> > **
> > ****/
> >
> > SetOption("InitialEquity", 20000 );
> > SetTradeDelays(1,1,1,1);
> > RoundLotSize = 1;
> >
> > posqty = Optimize("PosQty", 4, 1, 20, 1 );
> > SetOption("MaxOpenPositions", posqty);
> >
> > // desired position size is 100% portfolio equity
> > // divided by PosQty positions
> >
> > PositionSize = -100/posqty;
> >
> > // The system is very simple...
> > // MA parameters could be optimized too...
> > p1 = 10;
> > p2 = 22;
> > // simple MA crossover
> > Short=Cross( MA(C,p1) , MA(C,p2) );
> > Buy=Cross( MA(C,p2) , MA(C,p1) );
> > // always in the market
> > Sell=Short;
> > Cover=Buy;
> >
> > // now additional score
> > // that is used to rank equities
> > // when there are more ENTRY signals that available
> > // positions/cash
> > PositionScore = 100-RSI(); // prefer stocks that have low RSI;
> >
> >
> >
> > Things NOT IMPLEMENTED yet in new portfolio backtester, to be
done
> soon
> > a.. built-in stops in rotational trading mode. (stops in
regular
> mode work already)
> > b.. futures support (point value, margin deposit, ticksize)
> > c.. calculation of interest earnings
> > d.. pyramiding
> > e.. intra-bar detailed timing
> > f.. OLE interface
> > g.. etc...
> > Automatic Analysis Settings - Portfolio page
> > - Max. Open Positions (previously known as "Max. traded") - the
> maximum number of simultaneously open positions. .Settable also
using
> SetOption("MaxOpenPositions", number ) function.
> >
> > - Max. # of signals tracked per bar- the maximum number of
> buy/sell/short/cover signals per single bar that AmiBroker will
> track. Should be set to at least 2 * (Max. Open Positions) or more.
> Default of 100 should be fine for most applications. May be removed
> in the future. Settable also using SetOption("MaxTracked", number )
> function.
> >
> > - Report mode - Trade list - shows regular trade list (as old
> backtester), Detailed log - shows very detailed bar-by-bar log with
> scores, each entry and exit separately reported, etc.
> >
> > - Min. shares - the minimum number of shares that are allowed to
> buy/short. Backtester will not enter trades below that limit.
Default
> = 1 is good for stocks.
> >
> > Known differencies between statistics produced by 'old' and 'new'
> (portfolio) backtester
> > Old backtester New (portfolio) backtester
> > System and trade drawdown calculations based on
Open/Close/H-
> L range (worst case) selectable in settings Close price only
> (regardless of settings) - subject to change
> > Max. % trade drawdown Calculated based on total equity
> Calculated based on ACTUAL trade value at entry point.
> > Stats available for all trades only separately for long,
> short and all trades
> > Futures backtesting (MarginDeposit, TickSize, PointValue)
> Supported Not yet available
> > Interest earnings calculation Supported Not yet available
> > PositionSizing Based on individual symbol equity Based on
> portfolio equity.
> >
> > PositionSize = -25;
> >
> > will enter 25% of current porfolio equity
> >
> > Trade statistics Include only closed trades, open trade is
> reported separately Include all trades (closed and those still open
> at the end of analysis period). Any open trades are closed out
> at 'close' price always.
> > Positions taken Uses "Positions" selector in the Settings
to
> include long, short or both positions From version 4.43.0 portfolio
> backtest behaves the same (uses "positions" selector)
> > Exposure calculated regardless of position size (no matter
on
> what is position size if trade is taken for particular bar it
assumes
> 100% exposure at that bar) calculations include now (in 4.43.0) the
> total amount of open positions compared to total portfolio equity.
> Exposure is calculated on bar by bar basis so if only 50% funds are
> in open trade, then exposure for this bar is 0.5. Then individual
bar
> exposures are summed up and divided by number of bars to produce
> exposure figure. This way true market exposure is calculated.
> > Multiple security testing N independent accounts (multiple
> single equity) Portfolio equity common to all symbols under test
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Multiple time frame support
> >
> > Release 4.41 brings ability to use multiple time frames (bar
> intervals) in single formula. The time frame functions can be
divided
> into 3 functional groups:
> >
> > 1.. switching time frame of build-in O, H, L, C, V, OI, Avg
> arrays: TimeFrameSet, TimeFrameRestore
> > 2.. compressing/expanding single arrays to/from specified
> interval: TimeFrameCompress, TimeFrameExpand
> > 3.. immediate access to price/volume arrays in different time
> frame: TimeFrameGetPrice
> > First group is used when your formula needs to perform some
> calculations on indicators in different time frame than currently
> selected one. For example if you need to calculate 13-bar moving
> average on 5 minute data and 9 bar exponential avarage from hourly
> data while current interval is 1 minute you would write:
> >
> > TimeFrameSet( in5Minute ); // switch to 5 minute frame
> >
> > /* MA now operates on 5 minute data, ma5_13 holds time-compressed
> 13 bar MA of 5min bars */
> >
> > ma5_13 = MA( C, 13 );
> >
> > TimeFrameSet( inHourly ); // switch now to hourly
> >
> > mah_9 = EMA( C, 9 ); // 9 bar moving average from hourly data
> >
> > TimeFrameRestore(); // restore time frame to original
> >
> > Plot( Close, "Price", colorWhite, styleCandle );
> >
> > // plot expanded average
> >
> > Plot( TimeFrameExpand( ma5_13, in5Minute), "13 bar moving average
> from 5 min bars", colorRed );
> > Plot( TimeFrameExpand( mah_9, inHourly), "9 bar moving average
from
> hourly bars", colorRed );
> >
> >
> > TimeFrameSet( interval ) - replaces current built-in price/volume
> arrays: open, high, low, close, volume, openint, avg with time-
> compressed bars of specified interval once you switched to a
> different time frame all calculations and built-in indicators
operate
> on selected time frame. To get back to original interval call
> TimeFrameRestore() funciton. Interval is time frame interval in
> seconds. For example: 60 is one minute bar. You should use
convenient
> constants for common intervals: in1Minute, in5Minute, in15Minute,
> inHourly, inDaily, inWeekly, inMonthly.
> >
> > TimeFrameRestore() - restores price arrays replaced by
> SetTimeFrame.Note that only OHLC, V, OI and Avg built-in variables
> are restored to original time frame when you call TimeFrameRestore
> ().All other variables created when being in different time frame
> remain compressed. To de-compress them to original interval you
have
> to use TimeFrameExpand.
> >
> > Once you switch the time frame using TimeFrameSet, all AFL
> functions operate on this time frame until you switch back the time
> frame to original interval using TimeFrameRestore or set to
different
> interval again using TimeFrameSet. It is good idea to ALWAYS call
> TimeFrameRestore when you are done with processing in other time
> frames.
> >
> > When time frame is switched to other than original interval the
> results of all functions called since TimeFrameSet are time-
> compressed too. If you want to display them in original time frame
> you would need to 'expand' them as described later. Variables
created
> and assigned before call to TimeFrameSet() remain in the time frame
> they were created. This behaviour allows mixing unlimited different
> time frames in single formula.
> >
> > Please note that you can only compress data from shorter interval
> to longer interval. So when working with 1-minute data you can
> compress to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ....N-minute data. But when working with
> 15 minute data you can not get 1-minute data bars. In a similar way
> if you have only EOD data you can not access intraday time frames.
> >
> > Second group: TimeFrameCompress/TimeFrameExpand allow to compress
> and expand single arrays to / from different time frames.
Especially
> worth mentioning is TimeFrameExpand that is used to decompress
array
> variables that were created in different time frame. Decompressing
is
> required to properly display the array created in different time
> frame. For example if you want to display weekly moving average it
> must be 'expanded' so the data of one weekly bar covers five daily
> bars (Monday-Friday) of corresponding week.
> >
> > TimeFrameExpand( array, interval, mode = expandLast ) - expands
> time-compressed array from 'interval' time frame to base time frame
> ('interval' must match the value used in TimeFrameCompress or
> TimeFrameSet)
> > Available modes:
> > expandLast - the compressed value is expanded starting from last
> bar within given period (so for example weekly close/high/low is
> available on Friday's bar)
> > expandFirst - the compressed value is expanded starting from
first
> bar within given period (so for example weekly open is available
from
> Monday's bar)
> > expandPoint - the resulting array gets not empty values only for
> the last bar within given period (all remaining bars are Null
> (empty)).
> > Caveat: expandFirst used on price different than open may look
into
> the future. For example if you create weekly HIGH series, expanding
> it to daily interval using expandFirst will enable you to know on
> MONDAY what was the high for entire week.
> >
> > TimeFrameCompress is provided for completeness and it can be used
> when you want to compress single array without affecting built-in
> OHLC,V arrays. If you call TimeFrameCompress it does not affect
> results of other functions.
> >
> > wc = TimeFrameCompress( Close, inWeekly );
> >
> > /* now the time frame is still unchanged (say daily) and our MA
> will operate on daily data */
> >
> > dailyma = MA( C, 14 );
> >
> > /* but if we call MA on compressed array, it will give MA from
> other time frame */
> >
> > weeklyma = MA( wc, 14 ); // note that argument is time-compressed
> array
> >
> > Plot( dailyma, "DailyMA", colorRed );
> >
> > weeklyma = TimeFrameExpand( weeklyma, inWeekly ); // expand for
> display
> >
> > Plot( weeklyma, "WeeklyMA", colorBlue );
> >
> > During this formula the time frame remained at original setting
we
> only compressed single array.
> >
> > TimeFrameCompress( array, interval, mode = compressLast )
> > - compresses single array to given interval using given
compression
> mode available modes:
> > compressLast - last (close) value of the array within interval
> > compressOpen - open value of the array within interval
> > compressHigh - highest value of the array within interval
> > compressLow - lowest value of the array within interval
> > compressVolume - sum of values of the array within interval
> >
> > graph0 = TimeFrameExpand( TimeFrameCompress( Close, inWeekly,
> compressLast ), inWeekly, expandLast );
> > graph1 = TimeFrameExpand( TimeFrameCompress( Open, inWeekly,
> compressOpen ), inWeekly, expandFirst );
> > Third group consist of just one useful function:
TimeFrameGetPrice
> which allows to reference price and volume from other time frames
> without switching /compressing/expanding time frames. Just one
> function call to retrieve price from higher time frame. It allows
> also to reference not only current but past bars from different
time
> frames.
> >
> > TimeFrameGetPrice( pricefield, interval, shift = 0, mode =
> expandFirst );
> > - references OHLCV fields from other time frames. This works
> immediatelly without need to call TimeFrameSet at all.
> > Price field is one of the following: "O", "H", "L", "C", "V", "I"
> (open interest). Interval is bar interval in seconds. shift allows
to
> reference past (negative values) and future (positive values) data
in
> higher time frame. For example -1 gives previous bar's data (like
in
> Ref function but this works in higher time frame).
> >
> > Examples:
> >
> > TimeFrameGetPrice( "O", inWeekly, -1 ) - gives you previous week
> OPEN price
> > TimeFrameGetPrice( "C", inWeekly, -3 ) - gives you weekly Close
> price 3 weeks ago
> > TimeFrameGetPrice( "H", inWeekly, -2 ) - gives you weekly High
> price 2 weeks ago
> > TimeFrameGetPrice( "O", inWeekly, 0 ) - gives you this week open
> price.
> > TimeFrameGetPrice( "H", inDaily, -1 ) - gives previous day high
> when working on intraday data
> > Shift works as in Ref() function but it is applied to compressed
> time frame.
> >
> > Note these functions work like these 3 nested functions
> > TimeFrameExpand( Ref( TimeFrameCompress( array, interval, compress
> (depending on field used) ), shift ), interval, expandFirst )
> > therefore if shift = 0 compressed data may look into the future (
> weekly high can be known on monday ). If you want to write a
trading
> system using this function please make sure to reference PAST data
by
> using negative shift value.
> >
> > The only difference is that TimeFrameGetPrice is 2x faster than
> nested Expand/Compress.
> >
> > Note on performance of TimeFrame functions:
> >
> > a) Measurements done on Athlon 1.46GHz, 18500 daily bars
> compressed to weekly time frame
> >
> > TimeFrameGetPrice( "C", inWeekly, 0 ) - 0.0098 sec (9.8
> milliseconds)
> > TimeFrameSet( inWeekly ) - 0.012 sec (12 milliseconds)
> > TimeFrameRestore( ) - 0.006 sec (6 milliseconds)
> > TimeFrameCompress( Close, inWeekly, compressLast ); - 0.0097
sec
> (9.7 milliseconds)
> > TimeFrameExpand( array, inWeekly, expandLast ); - 0.0098 sec
(9.8
> milliseconds)
> > b) Measurements done on Athlon 1.46GHz, 1000 daily bars
> compressed to weekly time frameall functions below 0.0007 sec (0.7
> millisecond)
> >
> > EXAMPLES
> >
> > EXAMPLE 1: Plotting weekly MACD and cross arrows from daily data
> >
> > TimeFrameSet( inWeekly );
> > m = MACD(12, 26 ); // MACD from WEEKLY data
> > TimeFrameRestore();
> > m1 = TimeFrameExpand( m, inWeekly );
> > Plot( m1, "Weekly MACD", colorRed );
> > PlotShapes( Cross( m1, 0 ) * shapeUpArrow, colorGreen );
> > PlotShapes( Cross( 0, m1 ) * shapeDownArrow, colorGreen );
> >
> > EXAMPLE 2: weekly candlestick chart overlaid on line daily price
> chart
> >
> > wo = TimeFrameGetPrice( "O", inWeekly, 0, expandPoint );
> > wh = TimeFrameGetPrice( "H", inWeekly, 0, expandPoint );
> > wl = TimeFrameGetPrice( "L", inWeekly, 0, expandPoint );
> > wc = TimeFrameGetPrice( "C", inWeekly, 0, expandPoint );
> > PlotOHLC( wo, wh, wl, wc, "Weekly Close", colorWhite,
styleCandle );
> > Plot( Close, "Daily Close", colorBlue );
> >
> > EXAMPLE 3: Simplified Triple screen system
> >
> > /* switch to weekly time frame */
> > TimeFrameSet( inWeekly );
> > whist = MACD( 12, 26 ) - Signal( 12, 26, 9 );
> > wtrend = ROC( whist, 1 ); // weekly trend - one week change of
> weekly macd histogram
> > TimeFrameRestore();
> > /* expand calculated MACD to daily so we can use it with daily
> signals */
> > wtrend = TimeFrameExpand( wtrend, inWeekly );
> >
> > /* elder ray */
> > bullpower= High - ema(Close,13);
> > bearpower= Low - ema(Close,13);
> > Buy = wtrend > 0 /* 1st screen: positive weekly trend */
> > AND
> > bearpower < 0 and bearpower > Ref( bearpower, -1 ) /* 2nd screen
> bear power negative but rising */
> > AND
> > H > Ref( H, -1 ); /* 3rd screen, if prices make a new high */
> > BuyPrice = Ref( H, -1 ); // buy stop level;
> > Sell = 0 ; // exit only by stops
> > ApplyStop( stopTypeProfit, stopModePercent, 30, True );
> > ApplyStop( stopTypeTrailing, stopModePercent, 20, True );
> >
> > CHANGE LOG
> >
> > CHANGES FOR VERSION 4.46.0 (as compared to 4.45.0)
> >
> > a.. New AFL functions
> >
> > a.. added NumToStr as synonum of WriteVal (as this function
did
> not 'write' anything, just returned string)
> > b.. added StrToNum( string ) - converts string to numbe
> > c.. added StrFind( string, substring ) - finds first
occurrence
> of substring in string. returns 0 if not found, otherwise returns
> character index (one-based) of first occurrence
> > d.. added StrFormat( formatstr, ... ) that performs sprintf-
> like formatting and returns string
> > e.. CategoryGetName( category, number) function - returns
name
> of category (market/group/sector/industry/watchlist)
> > f.. CategoryGetSymbols( category, number ) added - synonym to
> GetCategorySymbols
> >
> > g.. CategoryAddSymbol( symbol, category, number ); - adds the
> symbol to given category, note that for markets, groups,
> industries 'adding' means moving from one category to another,
since
> the symbol is assigned always to one and only one market, group,
> industry and sector. This limitation does not apply to watchlists,
> favorites, and index categories. When symbol string is empty ("")
> then current symbol is used.
> > h.. CategoryRemoveSymbol( symbol, category, number ); -
removes
> the symbol to given category, note that for markets, groups,
> industries 'removing' means moving from given category to category
> with number zero, since the symbol is assigned always to one and
only
> one market, group, industry and sector. This limitation does not
> apply to watchlists, favorites, and index categories. When symbol
> string is empty ("") then current symbol is used.
> >
> > b.. added new AFL functions for output/file handling (almost
> exactly like in C run-time):
> > a.. printf( formatstr, ... ) - output formatted text to the
> commentary/interpretation (note 1: for numbers always use %f, %e or
%
> g formatting, %d or %x will not work because there are no integers
in
> AFL, note 2: as of now only numbers and arrays can now be printed.
> For arrays 'selected value' is printed)
> > b.. fopen( filename, mode ) - opens file, returns
filehandle .
> Mode can be "r" - for reading, "w" for writing, "a" for appending
> (and all other regular C-runtime library modes)
> > c.. fclose( filehandle ); - closes file
> > d.. fputs( string, filehandle ) - puts (writes) string to
file
> > e.. fgets( filehandle ) - gets (reads) string from file
> (returns string)
> > f.. feof( filehandle ) - detects end-of-file marker ( gives
> True - if end of file reached )
> > c.. PositionScore table is now shifted according to buy trade
> delay in regular mode too. (it was shifted so in rotational mode
> already). Caveat: make sure to set long and short delays to the
same
> values if you are trading both long and short sides, otherwise only
> long trades get correct ranks. Note 2: PositionSize is not and was
> never shifted with trade delays
> > to allow code for purchasing N stocks working with any delay,
> example PositionSize = 5 * BuyPrice
> > a.. added new option to File->Database Settings->Intraday
> settings "Use local time for daily compression".
> > All previous versions used exchange or data vendor time to do
> build daily bars (this means that regardless of your time shift
> settings daily bars looked the same because they used exchange or
> data source time (for example if you are using QuoteTracker it was
US
> EST time) - this caused problems for Australian users using
> QuoteTracker as data source because QuoteTracker reported ASX
quotes
> with US time that lead to invalid daily bars. Now if you check "Use
> local time for daily compression" AmiBroker will use your local
time
> (according to 'time shift' setting) to build daily bars. Note that
> switching this on means that daily bars may look different when you
> change time zone (i.e. time shift setting)
> >
> > b.. ASCII importer: support for importing unadjusted Yahoo data
> performing adjustment on the fly:
> >
> > a.. new field ADJCLOSE - to read adj. close column from
Yahoo.
> Works _only_ in conjunction with CLOSE field. When both CLOSE and
> ADJCLOSE are present in the ASCII format definition then importer
> calculates split factor by dividing ADJCLOSE/CLOSE. It then
multiples
> OPEN, HIGH, LOW and CLOSE fields by this factor and divides VOLUME
> field by this factor. This effectively converts unadjusted prices
to
> split adjusted prices. Split ratio gets locked once ADJCLOSE drops
> below 0.05.
> >
> > b.. new command $ROUNDADJ decimaldigits - causes split-
adjusted
> prices (see above) to be rounded to 'decimaldigits' precision. By
> default no rounding is done.
> >
> > c.. new command $RECALCSPLITS 1 - (off by default) causes
that
> splits are recalculated by AmiBroker
> > by the algorithm that tries to construct correct adjusted
> price, based on inaccurate information provided by Yahoo.
> > Note that Yahoo provides only 2 decimal digits in adj. close
> field therefore the more adj. close approaches zero due to
> adjustements the error grows. The option $RECALCSPLITS 1 is
intended
> to address this problem (at least partially).
> > It works as follows:
> > 1. for each bar ratio ADJCLOSE/CLOSE is calculated
> > 2. if the ratio changes in two consecutive bars by more than
> 10% it means that
> > split happened that bar. True split ratio is guessed by
> matching true fraction
> > in the format of X/Y, where X and Y = 1..9, to the change in
> ratios.
> > 3. Then true split ratio is used to adjust all past bars
until
> new split is detected.
> >
> > d.. new command $RAWCLOSE2OI 1 - (off by default) - causes
that
> OpenInterest field gets assigned CLOSE (raw close) field value
> multiplied by 100
> >
> > c.. new aqh.format file included in "formats" subfolder using
new
> ASCII importer commands to import and adjust prices from Yahoo.
> Compatible with existing AmiQuote versions.
> > CHANGES FOR VERSION 4.45.0 (as compared to 4.44.1)
> >
> > a.. score of 999999 is no longer recognized. Use constant
> scoreNoRotate instead.
> >
> > b.. UI simplification:
> > Rotational mode: separate settings for rotational mode trade
> price and delay and worst rank held have been removed.
> > Rotational mode now uses buy price and buy delay settings
> from "Trade" tab. You can also set delay from the code
SetTradeDelays
> ( 1, 1, 1, 1 ); will give you one bar delay. To set 'worst rank
held'
> use SetOption function in your formula:
> > SetOption("WorstRankHeld", 5 );
> >
> > c.. stops implemented in rotational trading mode (limitation:
> stops in rotational mode can only be static, they can not change
> > 'stop amount' from symbol to symbol or from bar to bar like in
> regular mode)
> >
> > d.. re-entry delay implemented for all kind of stops
> >
> > e.. user interface added in the settings for n-bar stops
> >
> > f.. ApplyStop function now takes 6 parameters:
> > ApplyStop( Type, Mode, Amount, ExitAtStop = True, Volatile =
> False, ReentryDelay = 0 )
> >
> > g.. rotational mode docs moved to this page
> > CHANGES FOR VERSION 4.44.1 (as compared to 4.44.0)
> >
> > a.. fixed problem with rotational mode, trading price: open
> > CHANGES FOR VERSION 4.44.0 (as compared to 4.43.2)
> >
> > a.. fixed crash with 'detail mode' and large number of open
> positions/ranks used
> >
> > b.. max. in-memory cache size can be set now to 20000 (please
> note that this large cache requires lots of RAM (more than 512MB))
> >
> > c.. listview copy to clipboard feature now copies also column
> header names
> >
> > d.. SetForeign( ticker, fixup = True, tradeprices = False) and
> > RestorePriceArrays( tradeprices = False )
> > have new flag now: tradeprices (False by default)
> > when tradeprices is set to TRUE, then not only OHLC, V, OI, Avg
> arrays are set to foreign symbol values, but also BuyPrice,
> SellPrice, ShortPrice, CoverPrice, PointValue, TickSize,
> RoundLotSize, MarginDeposit variables are set to correspond to
> foreign security.
> > This allows Equity() to work well with SetForeign.
> > Example:
> > // your rules
> > buy = ...
> > sel = ...
> > SetForeign("MSFT", True, True );
> > e = Equity(); // backtest on MSFT
> > RestorePriceArrays( True ); // <- should match parameter used
in
> SetForeign
> >
> > e.. Name(), FullName(), GetExtraData() work well with SetForeign
> () (i.e. give foreign name/data instead of currently selected)
> >
> > f.. SetOption("PriceBoundChecking", False ); - disables
checking
> and adjusting buyprice/sellprice/coverprice/shortprice arrays to
> current symbol High-Low range.
> >
> > g.. % profit added to detailed log mode
> >
> > h.. fixed bug in portfolio backtester occuring when 'allow same
> bar exit' was turned off and 'immediate stops' was turned on 2 buys
> and 2 sells occurred the in 2 bars in row
> >
> > i.. Auto Analysis/Settings,setting modified "portfolio report
> mode: trade list/detailed log" moved to "report" tab
> >
> > j.. Auto Analysis/Settings, rotational mode: added selection of
> trade price and trade delay to portfolio settings page
> >
> > k.. Auto Analysis/Settings, portfolio backtester (both regular
> and rotational modes): added ability to pad and align all symbols
to
> reference symbol. Note: by default this setting is OFF. Use
> responsibly. It may slow down backtest and introduce some slight
> changes to indicator values when your data has holes and holes are
> filled with previous bar data. The feature is intended to be used
> ONLY when your system uses general market timing (generates global
> signals based on data and/or indicators calculated using Foreign
> from 'reference' symbol). Note 2: if reference symbol does not
exist,
> data won't be padded.
> >
> > l.. Auto Analysis/Settings, report tab: added ability to define
> risk-free rates for Sharpe and Ulcer Performance Index calculations.
> >
> > CHANGES FOR VERSION 4.43.2 (as compared to 4.43.0)
> > a.. backtester generates now error message when someone
attempts
> to use buy/sell/short/cover signals in rotational mode
> > b.. column headings fixed in AA porfolio backtest report
> > CHANGES FOR VERSION 4.43.0 (as compared to 4.42.0)
> >
> > a.. Portfolio Optimize mode added
> > b.. in regular backtest mode now it is possible to specify the
> score of the symbol (on bar-by-bar basis) via PositionScore
variable.
> In this mode the score is used only at trade ENTRY to decide which
> securities should be traded in case when there are more
simultaneous
> entry signals than max. allowable positions or available funds.
> AmiBroker will 'prefer' securities with higher absolute value of
the
> score. If PositionScore is not used then it is assumed to be 1 for
> all securities.
> > NOTE: regular mode must be used for all your backtesting except
> the cases when you want rotational-trading (fund switching). Only
> regular mode uses buy/sell/short/cover signals.
> >
> > c.. rotational-trading mode must now be turned on by calling
new
> EnableRotationalTrading() function at the top of your formula.
> > AA / Settings / Portfolio:
> > 1. Max. Traded renamed to more meaningfull "Max. Open
Positions" -
> defines the maximum number of positions (trades) that can be open
> simultaneously (at any time)
> > 2. Max. Ranked renamed to more meaningfull "Worst Rank Held"
> (rotational trading mode only) - must be equal or greater than max.
> open positions, if it is greater than Max. open positions then once
a
> position is taken in a security it will not be exited until the
> ranking of that security drops below "Worst Rank Held"
> >
> > d.. "Allow same day exit (single bar trade)" now affects
> Portfolio test too.
> >
> > e.. SetOption() calls affect Portfolio backtest now added:
> > SetOption("MaxOpenPositions")
> > SetOption("WorstRankHeld")
> > SetOption("MinShares")
> >
> > f.. fixed Avg Profit/Loss figures in "all trades" section of
> portfolio report
> >
> > g.. added average PERCENT profit/loss figures
> >
> > h.. internal accuracy of calculations of LinearReg,
LinRegSlope,
> LinRegIntercept, StdErr, TSF raised from 32 bit floating point to
64
> bit floating point
> >
> > i.. fix: rotational trading mode does not enter position when
> score is 999999
> >
> > j.. fixed column setup in AA
> >
> > k.. other minor fixes
> >
> > l.. as a temporary solution for people using Rx new version now
> uses HTMLView2.exe (that is shipped with the beta) to display the
> portfolio report.
> >
> > CHANGES FOR VERSION 4.42.0 (as compared to 4.41.2)
> > a.. first (incomplete) early beta version of the portfolio
> backtester
> > b.. fixed plot of Null arrays using styleArea
> > c.. fixed display problem with % progress in single-stock
> optimization
> > d.. other minor fixes
> >
> > CHANGES FOR VERSION 4.41.2 (as compared to 4.41.1)
> >
> > a.. now Sum produces values for periods upto and including
> BarCount, so Sum( array, BarCount ) gives the value instead of Null
> > b.. fixed problem with saving parameters on exit when the user
> did not specify default value for string parameter using ParamStr
> ("name", "")
> > c.. fixed 38-byte memory leak when returning values from user-
> defined functions
> > d.. real-time mode: after AFL syntax error commentary AFL
editor
> is not refreshed until error is fixed and user presses 'apply'
> >
> > e.. eSignal 1.6.0 plugin
> > (available separately from
> http://www.amibroker.com/bin/eSignal160.exe):
> > a.. much quicker backfills
> > b.. implemented force-reconnect feature in eSignal plugin
> > c.. fixed minor timing issue in eSignal plugin
> > d.. implemented workaround to invalid tick numbers sent
> sometimes by eSignal's data manager.
> > thanks to all users for reporting errors and helping ironing
out
> outstanding issues.
> >
> > CHANGES FOR VERSION 4.41.1 (as compared to 4.41.0)
> > a.. fixed chart refresh locking that happened when user was
> drawing some object and abandonend it by pressing ESC key.
> > b.. View->Refresh and View->Refresh All menus now reset
internal
> chart refresh lock flag just in case.
> > c.. plugin status is refreshed more often
> >
> > d.. maximum number of chart sheets increased to 60 (Caveat:
when
> you increase the number of sheets you would not be able to use the
> layouts with OLDER versions of the software)
> > e.. TimeFrameSet() now affects result of Interval() AFL
function.
> TimeFrameRestore() resets it back.
> > f.. Plot() makes copies of OHL arrays when styleCandle or
> styleBar is used so statements like
> > SetForeign("AAPL");
> > Plot( C, "Price", colorYellow, styleCandle );
> > SetForeign("MSFT");
> > Plot( C, "Price 2", colorBlue, styleCandle );
> > plot correctly. Previously one would need to use PlotOHLC() or
> PlotForeign()
> >
> > g.. separate heap for syntax tree walker implemented, so larger
> AFL programs like PortfolioTrader should execute faster while
> retaining the speed improvement gained in 4.40.4 for small formulas.
> >
> > CHANGES FOR VERSION 4.41.0 (as compared to 4.40.4)
> >
> > a.. legacy 'stoch()' function removed. Use StochK and StochD
> instead.
> > b.. weekly / monthly charts are not affected by intraday
> compression settingsin preferences any more and always use last
> available day date for time stamp of time-compressed bar.
> > c.. Pref: Misc: auto-hide timeout field: added check for
allowed
> values from 1...32
> >
> >
> > d.. TimeFrameSet( interval ) function implemented
> > - replaces current price/volume arrays: open, high, low, close,
> volume, openint, avg with time-compressed bars of specified
interval
> once you switched to a different time frame all calculations and
> built-in indicators operate on selected time frame. To get back to
> original interval call TimeFrameRestore() funciton.
> >
> > e.. TimeFrameRestore()
> > - restores price arrays replaced by SetTimeFrame.
> > Note that only OHLC, V, OI and Avg built-in variables are
> restored to original time frame when you call TimeFrameRestore().
All
> other variables created when being in different time frame remain
> compressed. To de-compress them to original interval use
> TimeFrameExpand
> >
> > f.. TimeFrameCompress( array, interval, mode = compressLast )
> > - compresses single array to given interval using given mode,
> available modes:
> > compressLast - last (close) value of the array within interval
> > compressOpen - open value of the array within interval
> > compressHigh - highest value of the array within interval
> > compressLow - lowest value of the array within interval
> > compressVolume - sum values of the array within interval
> >
> > g.. TimeFrameExpand( array, interval, mode = expandLast )
> > - expands time-compressed array from 'interval' time frame
> > ('interval' must match the value used in TimeFrameCompress or
> TimeFrameSet)
> > Available modes:
> >
> > a.. expandLast - the compressed value is expanded starting
from
> last bar within given period (so for example weekly close/high/low
is
> available on Friday's bar)
> > b.. expandFirst - the compressed value is expanded starting
> from first bar within given period
> > (so for example weekly open is available from Monday's bar)
> >
> > c.. expandPoint - the resulting array gets not empty values
> only for the last bar within given period (all remaining bars are
> Null (empty))
> > Caveat: expandFirst used on price different than open may
look
> into the future.
> > For example if you create weekly HIGH series, expanding it to
> daily interval using expandFirst will enable you to know on MONDAY
> what was the high for entire week.
> >
> > graph0 = TimeFrameExpand( TimeFrameCompress( Close, inWeekly,
> compressLast ), inWeekly, expandLast );
> > graph1 = TimeFrameExpand( TimeFrameCompress( Open, inWeekly,
> compressOpen ), inWeekly, expandFirst );
> >
> > h.. TimeFrameGetPrice( pricefield, interval, shift = 0, mode =
> expandFirst );
> > - references OHLCV fields from other time frames.
> > This works immediatelly without need to call TimeFrameSet
> >
> > TimeFrameGetPrice( "O", inWeekly, -1 ) - gives you previous
week
> OPEN price
> > TimeFrameGetPrice( "C", inWeekly, -3 ) - gives you weekly Close
> price 3 weeks ago
> > TimeFrameGetPrice( "H", inWeekly, -2 ) - gives you weekly High
> price 2 weeks ago
> > TimeFrameGetPrice( "O", inWeekly, 0 ) - gives you this week
open
> price.
> > TimeFrameGetPrice( "H", inDaily, -1 ) - gives previous day high
> when working on intraday data
> >
> > Price field is one of the following
> > "O", "H", "L", "C", "V", "I" (open interest)
> >
> > Shift works as in Ref() function but it is applied to
compressed
> time frame.
> > Note these functions work like these 3 nested functions
> > TimeFrameExpand( Ref( TimeFrameCompress( array, interval,
compress
> (depending on field used) ), shift ), interval, expandFirst )
> > therefore if shift = 0 compressed data may look into the future
(
> weekly high can be known on monday ). If you want to write a
trading
> system using this function please make sure to reference PAST data
by
> using negative shift value.
> > The only difference is that TimeFrameGetPrice is 2x faster than
> nested Expand/Compress.
> >
> > i.. new interval / timeframe constants:
> > in1Minute = 60
> > in5Minute = 5 * 60
> > in15Minute = 15 * 60
> > inHourly = 3600
> > inDaily = 24 * 3600
> > inWeekly = 5 * 24 * 3600
> > inMonthly = 25 * 24 * 3600
> >
> > compressLast = 0
> > compressOpen = 1
> > compressHigh = 2
> > compressLow = 3
> > compressVolume = 4
> >
> > expandLast = 0
> > expandFirst = 1
> > expandPoint = 2
> >
> > j.. SetForeign( 'ticker' )
> > - replaces current price/volume arrays with those of foreign
> security, returns True if ticker exists, False otherwise.
> > If ticker does not exist (and function returns false) price
> arrays are not changed at all.
> >
> > Equivalent to the following sequence:
> > C = Foreign( "ticker", "C" );
> > O = Foreign( "ticker", "O" );
> > H = Foreign( "ticker", "H" );
> > L = Foreign( "ticker", "L" );
> > V = Foreign( "ticker", "V" );
> > OI = Foreign( "ticker", "I" );
> > Avg = ( C + H + L )/3;
> >
> > but 6x faster (SetForeign takes about the same time as single
> foreign). To restore original prices call
> > RestorePriceArrays();
> >
> > EXAMPLE:
> > SetForeign( "MSFT" );
> > dm = MACD(); // dm holds MACD of MSFT regardless of currently
> selected symbol
> > RestorePriceArrays();
> > Plot( dm, "MACD of MSFT", colorRed );
> > Plot( MACD(), "MACD of " + Name(), colorBlue );
> >
> > k.. RestorePriceArrays();
> > restores arrays overwritten by SetForeign/TimeFrameSet
> > HOW TO REPORT BUGS
> >
> > If you experience any problem with this beta version please send
> detailed description of the problem (especially the steps needed to
> reproduce it) to bugs@xxxx
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