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Howard,
For another approach, I have just posted
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/amibroker/message/49802
a full example of the IP method.
Select, at each Inspection Point, the highest equity and follow its
trades up to the next inspection.
For medium success systems the results are impressive.
Of course it is not a holy grail and it will not turn any loosing
system into profits but it has some advantages.
Dimitris Tsokakis
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Howard Bandy [mailto:howardbandy@x...]
> Sent: Thursday, October 16, 2003 2:20 PM
> To: amibroker@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
> Subject: [amibroker] Optimization -- again
>
>
> Greetings --
>
> In my opinion, anything we do in development of trading systems
involves a
> search for a pattern than precedes a profitable trading
opportunity. Any
> time we examine the results of alternative systems, we are involved
in
> searching; and when we select the most promising of those
alternatives, we
> are optimizing. Only a system based on truly random entries and
exits would
> not be the result some optimization. So the question of "should we
> optimize?" is moot -- we have no choice but to optimize.
Consequently, we
> should be aware of our optimization techniques.
>
> Chuck referred to an optimization technique recommendation I made
to the
> company we both worked for in Denver a few years ago. This is a
short
> description of it.
>
> The company is a Commodity Trading Advisor which traded futures, not
> individual stocks, but the procedures are equally valid for both.
>
> When I joined the company, they were using very long data series
when
> developing their models. They used a technique sometimes called
folding or
> jackknifing, where the data was divided into several periods -- say
ten.
> The modeling process made ten passes. During each pass, one period
was held
> back to be used as out-of-sample data, the other nine were used to
select
> the best parameter values. After all ten passes, the results were
gathered
> together and the parameter values that scored best overall were
chosen.
> There are several problems with this method. One is the difficulty
with the
> "ramp up" period at the start of each segment, another is that it
is not
> valid to use older data for out-of-sample testing than was used for
> in-sample development, and another is that the data series were too
long.
> Chuck and I and others had many interesting discussions about how
long the
> in-sample data should be.
>
> My background is strong in both the theory and the practice of
modeling and
> simulation, and includes a great deal of experience with analysis of
> financial time series. I proposed the following method, which I
continue to
> believe is valid.
>
> First, before any modeling begins. Using judgment of management and
> comparison of trading profiles of many trading runs (real,
simulated, or
> imagined), pick an objective function by which the "goodness" of a
trading
> system will be measured. This is important, it is a personal or
corporate
> judgment, and it should not be subject to optimization.
>
> Divide each data series into a sequence of in-sample and out-of-
sample
> periods. The length of the out-of-sample period is
the "reoptimization"
> period. Say there are about ten years of historical data available
> (1/1/1993 through 1/1/2003. Set the in-sample period to two years
and the
> out-of-sample period to one year. Run the following sequence:
Search /
> optimize using 1993 and 1994; pick the "best" model for 1993-1994;
forward
> test this model for 1995 and save the results; step forward one
> reoptimization period and repeat until all the full in-sample
periods have
> been used. The final optimization will have been 2001 and 2002,
with no
> out-of-sample data to test. Ignore all in-sample results!!
Examine the
> concatenated out-of-sample equity curve. If it is acceptable, you
have some
> confidence that the parameters select by the final optimization
(2001 and
> 2002) will be profitable for 2003. No guarantees -- only some
confidence.
>
> How did I pick two years for in-sample and one year for out-of-
sample? That
> was just an example. The method is to set up an automated search
where the
> length of the in-sample period and the length of the out-of-sample
period --
> the reoptimization period -- are variables, and then search through
that
> space.
>
> Trading systems work because they identify inefficiencies in
markets. Every
> profitable trade reduces the inefficiency until, finally, the
trading system
> cannot overcome the frictional forces of commission and slippage.
This is
> the same phenomenon that physicists talk about as entropy.
>
> My feeling -- and it may be different than Chuck's -- is that the
market is
> not only non-stationary, but that the probability that it will
return to a
> previous state is near zero.
>
> Being non-stationary means that market conditions change with
respect to our
> trading systems. If I am modeling a physical process, such as a
chemical
> reaction, I can count on a predictable modelable output for a given
set of
> inputs. If I am modeling a financial time series, the output
following a
> given set of inputs changes over time. If a market were stationary
with
> respect to an RSI oscillator system, I could always buy a rise of
the RSI
> through the 20 percent line, to use a very simplistic example.
>
> I feel that the introduction of microcomputers, trading system
development
> software, inexpensive individual brokerage accounts, and discussion
groups
> such as this one have permanently changed the realm of trading.
One,
> everyone who is interested can afford to buy a computer, run
AmiBroker, and
> design and test trading systems. Two, if someone develops a
profitable
> system and trades it, the profits it takes reduce the potential
profits
> available to anyone else who trades it. Consequently, the
characteristics
> of the market change in a way that moves the market away from that
model
> until that trading system is no longer profitable enough to overcome
> commission and slippage. Three, a new person beginning to study
trading
> system development typically tests a lot of old systems. If one is
found to
> be profitable and they start trading it, the market moves back to
being
> efficient. Consequently, trading systems that used to work, but no
longer
> work, are very unlikely to ever work again.
>
> So, I feel that the in-sample period should be short so that the
market
> conditions do not change much over that period. That is, I am
looking for a
> data series that is stationary relative to my model. The stationary
> relationship must extend beyond the in-sample period far enough
that the
> model will be profitable when used for trading in the out-of-sample
data.
> The length of the extension determines the reoptimization period.
It could
> be years, months, or even one day. Note that the holding period of
a
> typical trade is very much related to the length of both the in-
sample and
> out-of-sample periods. The typical trade should be much shorter
than the
> in-sample period and somewhat shorter than the out-of-sample period.
>
> The important point in all this is that the only results being
analyzed are
> the concatenated out-of-sample trades.
>
> As with all model development, every time I look at the out-of-
sample
> results in any way, I reduce the probability that future trading
results
> will be profitable. That means that I should not perform thousands
of tests
> of model parameters, in-sample periods, and out-of-sample periods,
on the
> same data series and then pick the best model base on my
examination of
> thousands of out-of-sample results. In effect, I will have just
converted
> all those out-of-sample results into in-sample data for another
step in the
> development. That is legitimate, just be aware of what is
happening.
>
> Thanks for listening,
> Howard
>
>
>
>
>
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